GREEN BUILDING

Definition:- “It is the practice of increasing efficiency with which buildings use resources - energy, water and materials – while reducing building impacts on human health and the environment.”

Concept - These are buildings that ensure that waste is minimized at every stage during the construction and

operation of the building, resulting in low costs, according to experts in the technology. The techniques

associated with the `Green Building' include measures to prevent erosion of soil, rainwater harvesting, use of

solar energy, preparation of landscapes to reduce heat, reduction in usage of water, recycling of waste water and

use of world class energy efficient practices

Advantage of Green Building

1 Efficient Technologies

2  Easier Maintenance 

3  Return on Investment                4 Improved Indoor Air Quality               5 Energy Efficiency

6  Water Efficiency

7  Waste Reduction                        Temperature Moderation 8

9  Water Conservation                           10 Economical Improved Health

Disadvantage of green building

1  Initial cost is high 

2  Availability of materials                       3 Need more time to construct 

4 Need skilled worker 

High performance construction materials 

High performance materials are the material that are been introduce into the engineering industry in order to help in meeting the higher performance of engineering material in the area of materials ,strength,functionbility,light weight ,material processing efficiency sustainability &multy functionality.

Advantages of High performance construction materials

1 speed of construction

2 improved durability

3 maintenance cost

4 economic materials in term of time & money

5 workerbility&plumberbility

 

Warranty

A warranty is a stipulation to the purpose of the contract the breach of which gives the aggrieved party a right to sue for damages only & not to avoid the contract

Types of warranty

1 EXPRESS WARRANTY-an assurance of quality or promise of performance explicity made by the seller

2 FULL WARRANTY- AN Express warranty that obligates the seller to repair to replace the defective product without cost to the buyer & within reasonable time

3 LIMITED WARRANTY-Any warranty that provie less protection than the full warranty

4 IMPLIED WARRANTY-An implicit unstated warranty obligation imposed on all seller in order to ensure minimal standars of contractual performance

INSULATION MATERIAL

A material that reduce or prevent the transmission of heat or sond or electricity.it is known as insulation material.

PROPERTIES OF THERMAL INSULATION MATERIAL

1.low thermal conductivity

2. chemical stability

3. low cost

4. light weight

5. fire proof

ADVANTAGES OF THERMAL INSULATION MATERIAL

1.to reduce heat lost for economy

2. to increase the sustainability of process & equipment

3. to reduce environmental impact

4. nomaintaince

5. high compressive strength

Inorganic insulation materials

Foamed Concrete - Foamed concrete with air content in the range 30–80% is a fire and frost resistant material.

Foamed concrete can be easily placed without the need for compaction but it does exhibit a higher drying shrinkage than dense concrete.

Gypsum Plaster - The thermal conductivity of gypsum plaster is typically 0.16 W/m2 K. Sound transmission

through lightweight walls can be reduced by the use of two layers of differing thicknesses of gypsum plasterboard (e.g. 12.5 and 19 mm) as these resonate at different frequencies

Glass Wool - Glass wool is similar to that used for mineral wool. Glass wool is non-combustible, water-repellent,rot proof and contains no CFCs or HCFCs

Cellular or Foamed Glass Blocks

Cellular glass slabs are appropriate for roof insulation, including green roofs and roof-top car parks owing to their high compressive strength

 

AGGREGATES

What is aggregate-Construction aggregate, or simply "aggregate", is a broad category of coarse to medium grained particulate material used in construction, including sand, gravel, crushed stone, slag, recycled concrete and geosynthetic aggregates. Aggregates are the most mined materials in the world.

properties of aggregates-

1.grading.

2.durability.

3.particle shape and surface texture.

4.abrasion and skid resistance.

5.unit weights and voids.

6.absorption and surface moisture.

What are the physical tests conducted onaggregates?

Aggregates are tested for strength, toughness, hardness, shape, and water absorption. In order to decide the suitability of the aggregate for use in pavement construction, following tests are carried out: Crushing test. Abrasion test

.What is the difference betweencoarse and fine aggregate?

Coarse aggregates are larger size filler materials in construction. Fine aggregates are the particles that pass through 4.75 mm sieve and retain on 0.075 mm sieve. Coarse aggregates are the particles that retain on 4.75 mm sieve. ... The surface area of coarse aggregate is less than fine aggregates.

Which type of aggregate is goodfor concrete?

Crushed Stone is the coarsest aggregate. A mixture of all sorts of aggregates, it is appropriate as a base for concrete in projects that do not require precise aggregate-to-cement ratios. Gravel, also called graded stone, is another coarse aggregate suitable for concrete mixes. Sand is the finest aggregate.

 

 

 

WHAT IS BRICK?A brick is a building  material used to make walls, pavements and other elements in masonry construction.

Advantages of bricks•Better thermal insulation

 •Economical •Masonry is easier, faster and stronger

 •Bricks have greater fire resistance It’s size enables easy handling and placement in walls

Disadvantages of bricks  •Time consuming in construction •Cannot be used in high seismic zones  •Very less tensile strength   •Since brick absorbs water easily, therefore it causes efflorance when not exposed to air

Uses of bricks •Construction of walls  •Floor construction •Construction of arches  •Construction of brick retaining walls •Stair cases •Foundations

Types of bricks 1. Ordinarybricks.2. Curved bricks 3Channel bricks.4. Coping bricks  5. Bulll nose brick  6. Hollow bricks

PHASES OF MANUFACTURING1  CLAY WINNING         2 CLAY PREPARATION    3 MOULDING     4 DRYING                         5 FIRING       6 SORTING

Required properties of Bricks

1. Colour:Colour should be uniform and bright.

 2. Shape: Bricks should have plane faces. They should have sharp and true right angled corners

.3. Texture:They should possess fine, dense and uniform texture. They should not possess cavities, loose grit and un burnt lime.

 4.  Size: Bricks should be of standard sizes as prescribed by codes.

 5. Soundness: When struck with hammer or with another brick, it should produce metallic sound.

Types of TestsonBricksField tests

• Uniformity in size • Uniformity in colour • Hardness test • Soundness test • Structural test Laboratory tests  • Water Absorption test • Dimensional Tolerance test • Efflorescence test • Compressive strength test

Laboratory tests     • Water Absorption test • Dimensional Tolerance test • Efflorescence test • Compressive strength test

01 Compressive strength test

Compression testing machine 3mm plywood sheetsMixingtoolsTapes

 • Randomly select five bricks from the sample 

 • Immerse the bricks in water bath for 24 hours maintaining the temperature of 25˚C

 • Take out the bricks after 24 hrs and drain out any surplus moisture at room temperature

• Prepare 1:3 cement, sand motor to fill all the frog and gaps • Store it under gunny bag for 24 hrs.

• Immerse the bricks again in clean water for 3 days

• Remove and wipe out any traces of moisture

• Measure the dimension up to 1mm accuracy

• Place one plywood sheet on the base and keep one brick on it as the motor tilled face come upward

• Place the other plywood sheet on the brick and center these between the plates of testing machine

• Apply load axially at a uniform rate of 14 N/mm2 per minute till failure occurs and note maximum load at failure

 • Continue for all specimen

• Calculate the compressive strength Compressive

(ii) Absorption Test procedures Brick specimen are weighed dry. Then they are immersed in water for a period of 24 hours. The specimen are taken out and wiped with cloth. And dried in a ventilated oven at a temperature of 105˚C to 115˚C till it attains substantially constant mass The weight of each specimen in wet condition is determined. The difference in weight indicate the water absorbed.  • Then the percentage absorption is the ratio of water absorbed to dry weight multiplied by 100.     • The average of five specimen is taken. This value should not exceed 20 per cent

vi) Efflorescence test

The presence of alkalis in brick is not desirable because they form patches of gray powder by absorbing moisture.  Hence to determine the presence of alkalis this test is performed as explained below. The test should be conducted in a well ventilated room at 18-30˚C brick specimen in a glass dish containing water to a depth of 25 mm in a well ventilated room. After all the water is absorbed or evaporated again add water for a depth of 25 mm. After second evaporation observe the bricks for white/grey patches.

 

Block stone

Main type of concrete block

1Solid concrete blocks 02 Hollow concrete Blocks

Solid Concrete Blocks - Solid concrete blocks are commonly used, which are heavy in weight and manufactured from dense aggregate. They are  very strong and provide good stability to the structures. So for large work of masonry like for load bearing walls these solid blocks are preferable

Hollow Concrete Blocks - Hollow concrete blocks contain void area greater than 25% of gross area. Solid area of hollow bricks should be more than 50%. The hollow part may be divided into several components based on our requirement.

Types of Hollow Concrete Blocks:1 Stretcher block  2Corner block3  Pillar block 4  Jamb block  5 Partition block6  Lintel block 7  Frogged brick block     8  Bull nose block

Advantages of concrete blocks

1. It increases the carpet area of the building because of small width of concrete block as compared to the brick masonry wall.

2. It provides better thermal insulation, enhanced fire resistance and sound absorption.

3. It results in the saving of precious agricultural land which is used for manufacturing bricks.

4. The blocks can be prepared in such a manner that the vertical joints can be staggered automatically and thus the skilled supervision is reduced.

5. The construction of concrete block masonry is easier, faster and stronger than the brick masonry.